Researchers have uncovered a surprising link between zinc consumption and the risk of endometriosis, a painful and chronic condition affecting millions of women worldwide. The study, published in BMC Public Health, explores the association between dietary zinc intake and the risk of endometriosis, providing new perspectives on women’s health and the potential impact of zinc on this condition.
Endometriosis is a condition characterized by the growth of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus, leading to severe complications such as intra-abdominal adhesions, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. It is estimated that around 176 million women globally are living with endometriosis, with risk factors including dysmenorrhea, subfertility, and pelvic pain.
Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in DNA synthesis, gene transcription, and cell division—processes fundamental to human reproduction. It is not stored in the body, making dietary intake through meat, grains, and dairy crucial to prevent deficiency. Zinc deficiency can lead to immune dysfunction, increasing the risk of various diseases and affecting ovarian development and function in females. Excessive zinc intake, on the other hand, can result in immunosuppression.
The study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 1999 and 2006 among American women aged 20 to 54. A total of 4,315 women were included, with 7.7% reporting a diagnosis of endometriosis. The study found that increased dietary zinc intake was associated with the use of dietary supplements, moderate exercise, living with a partner, and higher income. Even after adjusting for confounding factors, higher zinc intake was linked to an increased risk of endometriosis.
Compared to those who consumed 8 mg of zinc or less daily, the risk of endometriosis was 60% higher among those whose diet supplied over 14 mg/day of zinc. No significant change in risk was observed among those consuming between 8 and 14 mg/day of zinc. The correlation between increased zinc intake and endometriosis risk was found to be independent of lifestyle or demographic factors such as smoking, obesity, or race.
Women with endometriosis have been shown to exhibit higher levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix, facilitating the penetration of endometrial cells into surrounding tissues. Zinc regulates MMP activity, and high levels of zinc in the body may promote pathogen multiplication by causing immunosuppression. Additionally, zinc may act as a metalloestrogen, activating estrogen receptors and potentially promoting endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent condition.
Conclusion
The study suggests that increased dietary zinc is associated with a higher risk of endometriosis. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in this association and to determine if zinc intake is a modifiable risk factor in women’s health.
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